MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENT BENEFITS:
SLEEP, STRESS RECOVERY, AND HEALTHY RELAXATION
Get all 7 forms of magnesium for maximum absorption and benefits from this powerful mineral.
- Support healthy stress response and stress resilience*
- Promotes heart and metabolic health*
- A key mineral for healthy immune function*
- Supports healthy cortisol responses and recovery from stress*
- A key building block for strong and healthy bones*
- Promotes calmness and relaxation*
- Fall asleep faster and get more restful sleep*
Medically reviewed by Gina Brown, ND— Written by Nattha Wannissorn, PhD, last updated November 5th, 2024
Magnesium is an essential mineral. Involved in over 300 biochemical reactions, it plays a vital role in many biological processes, influencing all aspects of health
Most people have been deficient for years, so you’ll likely need a well-absorbed and well-tolerated magnesium supplement. Magnesium Breakthrough was formulated to meet the need for a highly bioavailable magnesium supplement. While most other magnesium supplements use just one, or up to three, types of magnesium, we have combined seven forms alongside other important molecules to maximize absorption. Plus, we deliver these benefits in just two small capsules, providing 500 mg of elemental magnesium per dose!
The most common side effects people report from taking magnesium supplements are digestive upset and loose stools. Certain forms of magnesium tend to cause these symptoms more than others, especially when products are not well-absorbed which can make the effects worse. By combining magnesium types, many of them known to be more gentle on the stomach, we minimize these effects and enhance absorption.
The combination of magnesium with other compounds helps promote magnesium uptake and use in your body:
- Pyridoxine HCl: Vitamin B6 acts as a cofactor alongside magnesium for multiple reactions in the body [2]. Both pyridoxine and magnesium have key roles in neurotransmitter synthesis, blood sugar balance, and nerve function [3][1]. So, getting both of these compounds together might help boost their effectiveness. Pyridoxine can also influence magnesium’s transport into cells, increasing cellular uptake [4]. Last but not least, it can also help mitigate how much magnesium is lost through urine to help maintain higher body levels of magnesium [5].
- Humic/Fulvic monoatomic blend: Humic and fulvic acids are organic compounds found in soil and water [6]. They work to help bind and absorb minerals like magnesium and increase their bioavailability, or how well your body can take them up [7].
Why 7 Forms of Magnesium Supplement?
Magnesium itself exists as a single element. However, it can be found in various forms and compounds, and they’re not all created equal.
Obviously, you can only get the benefits from your supplements if you absorb them, not just through your gut into the bloodstream, but also into your cells and organs that need it.
Organic forms of magnesium, such as chelate and glycinate, are better absorbed through the gut than non-organic forms like oxide and chloride [8]. However, organic forms are also more expensive than non-organic forms.
Animal studies suggest that various organic forms have different affinities for different areas of the body. Also, clinical studies confirm that certain forms of magnesium are better for certain organ systems than others [9]. For example, magnesium malate is great for muscles, while magnesium taurate and orotate are used more commonly to support cardiovascular health [9].
By providing multiple forms of magnesium in a single supplement, the body has an increased chance of absorbing the amount of magnesium it needs. Also, by taking only 1 - 2 forms of magnesium, some of your tissues could still be deficient.
Science-Based Health Benefits of Different Types of Magnesium and Their Cofactors in Magnesium Breakthrough.
Magnesium Glycinate[16]
Magnesium Glycinate contains magnesium bound by two glycine molecules. This binding stabilizes the magnesium molecule, allowing for increased absorption in the digestive tract as it can absorb like a two amino acid peptide and bypass the need for stomach acid. As a result, magnesium Glycinate generally has the least gut side effects compared to other formulations, which can be helpful for those with sensitive stomachs. Because glycine is a relaxing amino acid, this form is best for sleep and relaxation.
Magnesium Citrate [11]
Magnesium Citrate combines magnesium with citric acid. This form is one of the most common in magnesium supplements, and has a mild laxative effect, which can make it useful for promoting bowel regularity. It is also an excellent form of magnesium for healthy blood sugar control, blood pressure, and overall metabolic health [12].
MAGNESIUM TAURATE[17]
Magnesium Taurate combines magnesium with the amino acid taurine. The combination can work together to regulate calcium and sodium levels within cells, which may help maintain a healthy blood pressure. Taurine has many roles within the cardiovascular and nervous systems, and this preparation may have additional benefits in supporting heart and brain health.
MAGNESIUM CHELATE [10]
Magnesium Chelate consists of magnesium that is bound to a chelating agent, such as amino acids. In Magnesium Breakthrough, it’s chelated with rice flour. This binding helps to enhance transportation across the intestinal wall and into the blood, improving bioavailability. This form is generally mild on the gut compared to other preparations, and may be less likely to interfere with the absorption of other minerals.
MAGNESIUM OROTATE
Magnesium Orotate consists of magnesium bound to orotic acid. This preparation is believed to have more affinity for the cardiovascular system. Orotic acid is also involved in DNA and RNA synthesis, and can act as an antioxidant.
MAGNESIUM MALATE [14]
Magnesium Malate combines magnesium with malic acid, which is a compound that occurs naturally in fruits and vegetables. This combination provides synergistic effects (greater than the sum of its parts) in the body. Both magnesium and malic acid are involved in specific brain processes, which may increase their individual benefits when combined.
SUCROSOMIAL® MAGNESIUM [15]
Sucrosomial® Magnesium uses a specialized delivery system in order to increase the amount of magnesium that is absorbed through your gut and into your red blood cells. Magnesium is encapsulated in a structure of sucrose esters, which create a barrier through the digestive tract and allow for it to cross into the blood without interacting with the digestive tract lining. In a small clinical study, Sucrosomial® magnesium increased red blood cell magnesium better than magnesium glycinate and oxide.
Cofactors in Magnesium Breakthrough
Vitamin B6[18], also known as pyridoxine, is important for many enzymatic reactions in the body, including ones related to protein metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters, and energy production. A few clinical trials have demonstrated that vitamin B6 enhances the mood and stress resilience benefits of magnesium.
Humic/Fulvic Monoatomic Blend [19]: Humic and fulvic acid interact with both magnesium and vitamin B6 to support their absorption and utilization in the body. They have chelating properties that enhance the solubility and uptake of magnesium, which may increase the amount of magnesium available to various tissues.
Manganese Citrate[20]: Manganese is a key micromineral that functions as a cofactor for many biological processes in the body. The small amount of manganese in Magnesium Breakthrough helps balance the magnesium and may also improve sleep. Clinical evidence suggests a manganese imbalance can lead to suboptimal sleep.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF
MAGNESIUM BREAKTHROUGH INGREDIENTS
Magnesium Breakthrough has a unique cutting-edge formulation, with all of the ingredients working together in synergy to deliver its benefits. Some examples of how these compounds work together include:
- Synergistic effects on stress resilience[21]: Taking magnesium in combination with pyridoxine improves stress levels more effectively than magnesium alone.
- Absorption and bioavailability[22]: Humic and fulvic acid can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of magnesium, supporting how well it is taken up and utilized by the body.
- Neurotransmitter synthesis[21][23]: Both B6 and magnesium are important for the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the brain. For example, vitamin B6 is needed for converting the amino acid tryptophan into serotonin (a neurotransmitter that regulates mood), while magnesium is needed for the conversion of amino acid tryptophan into serotonin and melatonin (a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle).
- Heart health[24][25][26]: Vitamin B6 and fulvic acid helps to regulate levels of homocysteine, an amino acid that affects heart health when high. Magnesium helps to support normal heart rhythm, maintain blood pressures already within a healthy range, and support overall cardiovascular function.
- Electrolyte balance [27]: Magnesium is an essential electrolyte in the body, and both humic and fulvic acid may help to maintain proper magnesium balance by supporting the absorption, distribution, and retention of magnesium.
Magnesium Breakthrough is a proprietary blend because the formulation is unique and expertly formulated and tested to maximize its effectiveness. Therefore, it is an intellectual property that we cannot disclose to the public.
The Epidemic of
Magnesium Deficiency
Inadequate magnesium intake is of epidemic proportions in “Westernized” cultures. A 2005 study found that approximately 68% of Americans do not eat the RDA for magnesium.[28] Of those studied, 19% ate less than half of the RDA. The story is similar in Europe.[29] Depending on the daily magnesium intake and the unique physiologic needs of an individual, this undernourishment can result in either subclinical or frank magnesium deficiency.
Subclinical deficiency is levels low enough to impact cell and enzyme functions, but the textbook signs and symptoms of deficiency like muscle twitching may not be present. This subclinical scenario could be any patient with any number of symptoms of functional origin with no other clear cause.
Serum Magnesium Level May Not
Diagnose Low Magnesium
Serum magnesium level can be normal or high even with a frank magnesium deficiency.[30]
Magnesium is an electrolyte mineral, which means that too high or too low serum levels can cause life-threatening changes in heart and lung functions, or lead to shock. Therefore, the body will do everything possible to maintain serum magnesium within the normal levels. This means your serum magnesium can look normal even though there is a magnesium deficiency [31]. These compensatory mechanisms can supplement serum magnesium levels but cause a “cellular” magnesium deficiency. This means that within the cell, there is not enough magnesium despite serum levels within normal ranges.
Only about 0.3% of the total amount of magnesium your body has is found in the serum [31]. This makes it an inaccurate marker of how much magnesium your body actually has. The body mainly stores magnesium in the bones, about 60% [31]. Another 40% is found within the cells, leaving less than 1% to be measured in the serum [31].
Approximately 20% of the population has low serum magnesium levels.[32] Magnesium deficiency is present in around 10-30% of the population.[33]
Assessing true whole-body magnesium status requires more than just serum magnesium levels, such as symptoms, overall health status, sleep quality, and health history. Currently, there is no perfect magnesium lab test. This article lists current options, along with their accuracy, pros, and cons [31]!
Magnesium Breakthrough Health Benefits
Magnesium is an example of an essential mineral. This means that it is vital for the proper functioning of the body. Essential minerals cannot be made by the body, unlike some vitamins, and therefore must be obtained from outside sources.
Some benefits associated with magnesium include:
- Supporting enzyme activity[31]: Magnesium is involved in hundreds of enzyme reactions in the body, which are important for energy production and metabolism.
- Energy production[31]: Magnesium helps to convert food into energy that can be used by the body, and adequate magnesium levels play a role in supporting optimal energy levels and reducing fatigue.
- Muscle function[34]: Muscles require magnesium in order to function properly. It helps to regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, and can be helpful for reducing muscle cramps, and spasms, and promoting overall muscle health.
- Bone health[35]: Magnesium works with other minerals, including calcium and vitamin D, to support bone health. Heart health[36]: Magnesium supports the cardiovascular system by promoting healthy heart rhythm and blood vessel function.
- Blood sugar regulation[37]: Magnesium is involved in insulin metabolism, and helps to maintain healthy blood sugar levels.
- Sleep[38]: Magnesium can help regulate melatonin production, a hormone involved in the sleep cycle, which may promote healthy sleep.
Individual requirements for magnesium vary, and specific health benefits can depend on many different factors, including your age, health status, and any underlying conditions. Therefore it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider prior to beginning supplementation to address any specific health concerns and ensure that it is appropriate for you.
HERE’S WHY MAGNESIUM BREAKTHROUGH IS PARTICULARLY BENEFICIAL.
HEALTHY STRESS RESPONSE AND STRESS RESILIENCE
Supports Healthy GABA Levels and Functions [39][29]
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an “inhibitory” neurotransmitter, meaning that it functions to promote relaxation. Magnesium helps to regulate the receptors that GABA uses, enhancing their activity, and promoting a calming response [40]. This can have beneficial effects on stress responses, muscle relaxation, and overall nervous system balance.
GABA also plays an important role in promoting sleep and regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Because magnesium plays an important role in regulating GABA functions, it can contribute to better sleep quality.
The inhibitory actions of GABA can offset the effects of excitatory neurotransmitters, which can promote nervous system balance, and resilience to stress, and help you relax.
Magnesium Breakthrough combines well-studied forms of magnesium along with vitamin B6 to help support GABA receptor activity and promote a calm and balanced brain.
Supports Healthy Cortisol Response and Breakdown[29][41][42]
Cortisol is a stress hormone released by the adrenal glands, two endocrine glands that sit on top of your kidneys. When your body is under stress, the “fight or flight” response is activated and causes the release of adrenaline and cortisol. Short-term, this response is beneficial, but it can cause problems over time when this pathway is constantly activated.
Magnesium and cortisol have a reciprocal relationship. When cortisol is high, magnesium can be depleted, but when magnesium is adequate it can help regulate cortisol release. This is what is known as a feedback loop.
The way that cortisol can cause low levels of magnesium is by its action on the kidneys. Under stress, cortisol causes the kidneys to remove magnesium from the body, which can lead to lower magnesium levels. And because magnesium offsets some of the effects of cortisol, this can be problematic - impairing the body’s ability to cope with stress and exacerbating stress symptoms. By replenishing magnesium levels, your body can better maintain a healthy cortisol balance.
In a study of 49 participants, long-term (24 weeks) magnesium supplementation led to lower urinary cortisol levels and influenced certain enzymes related to cortisol processing [42]. This might be one way that increased magnesium can have protective impacts on the heart.
Magnesium Breakthrough combines several forms of magnesium that have been studied for their impacts on cortisol, including citrate, glycinate, and taurate. Combined, they can help support healthy cortisol levels and a balanced stress response.
Replenish Lost Magnesium During Stress[41][43][44][45]
Magnesium plays an important role in the body’s stress response. When you are under acute stress, the body responds by increasing the levels of magnesium in the blood and excreting more in the urine. Initially, this shift from magnesium inside your cells to outside your cells helps to protect you from the harmful effects of stress. However, when stress becomes chronic, your whole-body magnesium levels can become depleted and this can have negative consequences.
Stress and low magnesium can worsen each other's negative effects, creating a harmful cycle. This can make you more vulnerable to the negative impacts of stress on your health. The good news is that when magnesium levels are adequate, it can have beneficial effects on the body’s stress response, including regulating the HPA axis (which is involved in the body’s stress response), influencing the production of calming neurotransmitters, and promoting restful sleep.
By helping improve magnesium status, Magnesium Breakthrough can help support a balanced stress response, and help mitigate the negative impacts of long-term stress.
HEART HEALTH AND HEALTHY HEART RHYTHM[45][36][47][41]
Magnesium can help maintain normal blood pressure levels. It counteracts calcium’s muscle-contracting effects. Magnesium helps smooth muscles relax, promote blood flow, and reduce muscle tension, which in turn supports healthy blood pressure.
Another way that magnesium can promote healthy blood pressure is by supporting endothelial function. The endothelium is the inner lining of the blood vessels. Magnesium helps increase nitric oxide, which can help dilate blood vessels and improve blood flow.
Sodium and potassium, two other minerals that are involved in heart health, work closely with magnesium. Sodium and potassium work reciprocally to maintain fluid balance, which is closely linked to blood pressure. Magnesium helps to support the balance between these two minerals, keeping them within range.
Magnesium Breakthrough provides a great source of magnesium for a healthy cardiovascular system. It also contains magnesium orotate and taurate, two forms that extensive research has demonstrated benefit cardiovascular health.
WOMEN'S HEALTH
Healthy Menstrual Cycles and Fertility
Maintaining a healthy hormone balance is key for supporting the menstrual cycle and optimizing fertility. Magnesium plays an important role in regulating this delicate balance, helping to support and stabilize hormone levels.
Magnesium helps with both production and regulation of steroid hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. It helps convert cholesterol into these hormones through enzyme actions where it acts as a cofactor for the following reactions:
- The conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone [48]
- Transforming androstenedione to estrone in the ovaries, which helps maintain a healthy estrogen balance [49]
- Supporting progesterone synthesis, crucial for a healthy uterine lining and optimal menstrual cycles [50]
- Facilitating testosterone production and maintaining optimal free testosterone levels, key for reproductive health and fertility. [51]
Magnesium is also helpful for enhancing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) binding to receptors on granulosa cells in the ovaries [52]. This helps improve FSH’s effectiveness. Indirectly, magnesium boosts the activity of another compound called adenylyl cyclase, which helps amplify FSH effects [52]. When magnesium levels are low, studies find FSH binding is impaired, highlighting this important role.
Studies find that women with PMS symptoms have lower magnesium levels in their red blood cells than those without [53]. In one pilot study of 41 women aged 18-50, 250 mg of magnesium during the second half of their cycle improved symptoms over 3 months [54]. Another blinded RCT study found that 250 mg of magnesium combined with vitamin B6 showed significant improvements over 4 months [55].
Magnesium Breakthrough is formulated in combination with vitamin B6, making it an excellent option for managing period-related symptoms. Combined, these two compounds work synergistically to help keep hormones happy.
Menopause Well-being
Magnesium might also be helping to support the menopausal transition. When estrogen levels drop, it can lead to symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness. A magnesium deficiency during this time can exacerbate such symptoms. Estrogen enhances magnesium absorption and uptake into tissues. When estrogen levels drop during menopause, magnesium deficiency can get worse at the cellular level [49]. With most women in developed countries only consuming ⅔ of the recommended magnesium intake, magnesium supplementation can be a great support during this natural aging process [49].
Keeping hormone levels in balance is crucial during menopause and perimenopause. Progesterone levels decline faster than estrogen during perimenopause, leading to relative estrogen dominance [56] Magnesium can help support this via:
- Supporting liver estrogen detox pathways [57]
- Supporting healthy stress response [58]
- Providing a key cofactor of thyroid hormone production and function [57]
Hot flashes are a common side effect of menopause, with sudden waves of heat, sweating, and distress causing impacts on daily functioning [59]. Because magnesium helps regulate nerve and muscle function, it might also impact the nervous system’s response to these sudden temperature changes [60]. In a phase 2 clinical trial of 25 women, 400 mg of magnesium per day over four weeks reduced the severity and duration of hot flashes [62]. Researchers thought that this effect might be related to magnesium’s impacts on the blood vessels, making them less sensitive to hormonal changes.
We also know that maintaining strong bones becomes even more important during menopause. During menopause, rapid drops in estrogen can activate osteoclasts, which are cells that break down bone [62]. Magnesium helps balance the rate of bone building to bone breakdown, which can be a useful support when it comes to menopausal health [63].
Magnesium Breakthrough contains 500 mg of elemental magnesium per dose, enough to support your body through the menopausal transition.
Bone Health
Did you know that 60% of your body’s magnesium is stored within your bones[64]? This highlights how important this mineral is for bone health. It helps maintain the physical structure of your bones, as part of the bone mineral matrix [63].
And, within the bones, it helps regulate cells that help build and repair bone tissue [63].Magnesium influences several key molecules that help ensure bones stay strong - calcium, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Magnesium helps convert vitamin D into its active form, where it can then be used by the body to help increase calcium absorption [65]. It also plays a key role in controlling the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), an important molecule that keeps calcium levels stable [66].
By supporting these key processes related to bone health, Magnesium Breakthrough helps ensure optimal calcium levels, promote healthy bone processes, and support hormones involved in bone metabolism.
ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE AND TRAINING RECOVER
If you are an athlete, magnesium can be a crucial nutrient for athletic performance and training recovery.
Athletes, in particular, might be more at risk for magnesium deficiency because exercising bodies lose more through sweat and require more to fuel training. Intense exercise depletes magnesium because it is needed for ATP production, aka giving energy to your cells. Some even suggest that high-intensity exercise can increase the need for magnesium by up to 20% [67]!
Magnesium helps support oxygen uptake into working muscles, energy production, and electrolyte balance - all important things when it comes to performing your best. In fact, low magnesium can decrease how efficiently your metabolism works during exercise, increasing heart rate and oxygen consumption [68]. Supplementing with magnesium can increase oxygen uptake and overall work capacity during exercise, and even benefit endurance performance [69].
Another benefit is a potential interaction with lactate - the substance that builds up during exercise and is linked to muscle fatigue. When supplemented, studies find magnesium can improve how much glucose is available in the brain and lower lactate production, helping improve endurance and energy levels during exercise [70].
MEN'S HEALTH
Magnesium can be particularly helpful for men, especially during aging. This is because of the interaction between magnesium and testosterone. Testosterone is a hormone important for maintaining muscle mass, bone density, and overall health and well-being. One study found that supplementing magnesium was able to raise both free and total testosterone levels in just 4 weeks [71].
Studies find that magnesium not only influences testosterone levels but also influences IGF-1 secretion. IGF-1 helps promote cell growth, muscle and bone health, and regulate metabolic and tissue repair [72]. Combined, this might help balance anabolic and catabolic processes that get disrupted in older adults.
Magnesium Breakthrough, taken at the recommended dose to provide 500 mg of magnesium, can help support all of these processes, helping optimize testosterone levels and support men's health across the lifecycle.
ARE ALL MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTS THE SAME?
Unfortunately, cheap magnesium supplements can be poorly absorbed and harsh on the gut. So, you could be getting less than 10% of what you pay for with these. Take more and it could send you straight to the bathroom.
Also, the more expensive forms of magnesium like glycinate and malate are actually ~14 - 20% elemental magnesium in weight. The remaining 80 - 86% of the weight are glycine and malate, respectively. If the label reports only 100 - 200 mg total ingredient per capsule, you’d need to take 10 - 20 capsules to get your recommended daily intake dose.
Magnesium Breakthrough contains 7 forms of magnesium that clinical studies have shown to be well absorbed. Also, each capsule contains 250 mg of elemental magnesium (not total ingredient weight). That means only 2 capsules exceed the recommended daily intake dose.
Many of our customers take more than 2 capsules, in the beginning, to correct long-term deficiencies and optimize their body’s magnesium levels.
The Best Magnesium Supplement For You and Your Family
There are 3 reasons why nearly everyone who tries Magnesium Breakthrough can immediately feel the difference:
- It’s well-absorbed.
- It’s at an effective dose without swallowing an insane number of capsules.
- It’s gentle on the gut and less likely to cause diarrhea.
We also have great-tasting Magnesium Breakthrough powders, now available in Sprouts and grocery stores nationwide. Click here to search for a physical store in the US near you.
WHAT ARE SOME MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS?
Magnesium deficiency can manifest in many different ways, and many of the symptoms associated with magnesium deficiency can overlap with other conditions. Some of the most common symptoms related to magnesium deficiency include [73]:
- Muscle weakness
- Muscle cramps and spasms
- Mood changes
- Suboptimal sleep
- Suboptimal exercise recovery or training response
- Too little or too much appetite
- Suboptimal energy production
- Weight gain or difficult weight loss, especially in the midsection
- Hormone imbalances
- Suboptimal heart health
Many of the symptoms of magnesium deficiency are non-specific, and may be related to other health conditions. It is always important to speak with your healthcare provider for proper evaluation prior to initiating any supplementation. Magnesium Breakthrough is not approved to treat, diagnose, or prevent any disease.
WHAT CAUSES MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY?
Multiple factors may contribute to magnesium deficiency, including underlying disorders, individual susceptibility, and lifestyle factors. Some common causes of magnesium deficiency include:
- Insufficient dietary intake [75]: A diet that lacks magnesium-rich foods can cause magnesium deficiency. Foods that are rich in magnesium include green leafy vegetables, nuts and seeds, legumes, whole grains, and some seafood. A lack of magnesium-rich foods in the diet can contribute to inadequate dietary intake and cause magnesium deficiency.
- Poor absorption [75]: Poor gut health or suboptimal stomach acid can impair magnesium absorption from the diet and may contribute to magnesium deficiency.
- Excess kidney excretion [75]: The kidneys help maintain mineral balance, so when the kidney excretes too much magnesium, it can lead to a deficiency.
- Aging [74]: The body’s ability to absorb and utilize magnesium may decline with age, increasing the risk of magnesium deficiency in older adults. Appetite changes or dietary limitations that may occur with aging may also impact intake levels.
- Chronic stress [29]: High stress levels can increase the release of stress hormones, such as cortisol, which can increase the urinary excretion of magnesium and reduce levels in the body.
- Pregnancy and lactation [74]: Magnesium requirements increase during pregnancy and lactation, to support fetal development and breast milk production. If dietary intake is insufficient to account for this increased demand, magnesium deficiency can occur.
- Alcohol intake [74]: Alcohol can impair the body’s ability to retain magnesium, and excessive intake of alcohol can impact both magnesium absorption and increase urinary excretion, contributing to magnesium deficiency.
- Medications [76][74]: Medications that can increase urinary excretion of magnesium or interfere with its absorption include diuretics (water pills), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), some antibiotics, and others used in the management of diabetes and high blood pressure.
If you suspect magnesium deficiency, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment or supplementation.
WHAT ARE BIOPTIMIZERS
MAGNESIUM BREAKTHROUGH SIDE EFFECTS?
Magnesium is generally safe for most people when consumed within the recommended dosages. Excessive intake of magnesium may cause side effects in some individuals, including [76]:
- Digestive upsets, such as diarrhea, abdominal cramping, nausea
- Abdominal bloating
- Indigestion
- Lowered blood pressure
- Muscle weakness
- Irregular heart rhythm
- Allergic reaction
It is important to follow the recommended dosages or consult with a healthcare provider prior to initiating any new supplement, especially if you have any pre-existing medical conditions or medications that may interfere. While the likelihood and severity of adverse effects varies between individuals, it is important to discontinue supplementation if you begin to experience any, and seek medical attention if needed.
WHERE TO BUY MAGNESIUM BREAKTHROUGH?
Magnesium Breakthrough is available through bioptimizers.com, Amazon, and over 140 stores nationwide. To find a store near you, use our Store Locator.
REFERENCES
- National Institutes of Health. “Office of Dietary Supplements - Magnesium.” National Institutes of Health, 2 June 2022, ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/.
- Noah L, Dye L, Bois De Fer B, Mazur A, Pickering G, Pouteau E. Effect of magnesium and vitamin B6 supplementation on mental health and quality of life in stressed healthy adults: Post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Stress Health. 2021 Dec;37(5):1000-1009. doi: 10.1002/smi.3051. Epub 2021 May 6. PMID: 33864354; PMCID: PMC9292249.
- ---. “Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B6.” Nih.gov, 16 June 2023, ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminB6-healthprofessional/.
- Abraham GE, Schwartz UD, Lubran MM. Effect of vitamin B-6 on plasma and red blood cell magnesium levels in premenopausal women. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1981 Jul-Aug;11(4):333-6. PMID: 7271227.
- Pouteau E, Kabir-Ahmadi M, Noah L, Mazur A, Dye L, Hellhammer J, Pickering G, Dubray C. Superiority of magnesium and vitamin B6 over magnesium alone on severe stress in healthy adults with low magnesemia: A randomized, single-blind clinical trial. PLoS One. 2018 Dec 18;13(12):e0208454. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208454. PMID: 30562392; PMCID: PMC6298677.
- Winkler J, Ghosh S. Therapeutic Potential of Fulvic Acid in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Sep 10;2018:5391014. doi: 10.1155/2018/5391014. PMID: 30276216; PMCID: PMC6151376.
- Visser SA. Effect of humic substances on mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Sci Total Environ. 1987 Apr;62:347-54. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(87)90521-3. PMID: 2953069.
- Uysal N, Kizildag S, Yuce Z, Guvendi G, Kandis S, Koc B, Karakilic A, Camsari UM, Ates M. Timeline (Bioavailability) of Magnesium Compounds in Hours: Which Magnesium Compound Works Best? Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019 Jan;187(1):128-136. doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1351-9. Epub 2018 Apr 21. PMID: 29679349.
- Schwalfenberg GK, Genuis SJ. The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare. Scientifica (Cairo). 2017;2017:4179326. doi: 10.1155/2017/4179326. Epub 2017 Sep 28. PMID: 29093983; PMCID: PMC5637834.
- Schuette SA, Lashner BA, Janghorbani M. Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1994 Sep-Oct;18(5):430-5. doi: 10.1177/0148607194018005430. PMID: 7815675.
- Fiorentini D, Cappadone C, Farruggia G, Prata C. Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 30;13(4):1136. doi: 10.3390/nu13041136. PMID: 33808247; PMCID: PMC8065437.
- Afitska K, Clavel J, Kisters K, Vormann J, Werner T. Magnesium citrate supplementation decreased blood pressure and HbA1c in normomagnesemic subjects with metabolic syndrome: a 12-week, placebo-controlled, double-blinded pilot trial. Magnes Res. 2021 Aug 1;34(3):130-139. doi: 10.1684/mrh.2021.0489. PMID: 34859788.
- Ranade VV, Somberg JC. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of magnesium after administration of magnesium salts to humans. Am J Ther. 2001 Sep-Oct;8(5):345-57. doi: 10.1097/00045391-200109000-00008. PMID: 11550076.
- EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS); Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Dusemund B, Filipič M, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gundert-Remy U, Kuhnle GG, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lillegaard IT, Moldeus P, Mortensen A, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, McArdle H, Tobback P, Pizzo F, Rincon A, Smeraldi C, Gott D. Evaluation of di-magnesium malate, used as a novel food ingredient and as a source of magnesium in foods for the general population, food supplements, total diet replacement for weight control and food for special medical purposes. EFSA J. 2018 Jun 6;16(6):e05292. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5292. PMID: 32625931; PMCID: PMC7009340.
- Brilli E, Khadge S, Fabiano A, Zambito Y, Williams T, Tarantino G. Magnesium bioavailability after administration of sucrosomial® magnesium: results of an ex-vivo study and a comparative, double-blinded, cross-over study in healthy subjects. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Mar;22(6):1843-1851. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201803_14605. PMID: 29630135.
- Schiopu C, Ștefănescu G, Diaconescu S, Bălan GG, Gimiga N, Rusu E, Moldovan CA, Popa B, Tataranu E, Olteanu AV, Boloș A, Ștefănescu C. Magnesium Orotate and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis Modulation: New Approaches in Psychological Comorbidities of Gastrointestinal Functional Disorders. Nutrients. 2022 Apr 9;14(8):1567. doi: 10.3390/nu14081567. PMID: 35458129; PMCID: PMC9029938.
- Houston M. The role of magnesium in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011 Nov;13(11):843-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00538.x. Epub 2011 Sep 26. PMID: 22051430; PMCID: PMC8108907.
- ---. “Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin B6.” Nih.gov, 16 June 2023, ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminB6-healthprofessional/.
- Visser SA. Effect of humic substances on mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. Sci Total Environ. 1987 Apr;62:347-54. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(87)90521-3. PMID: 2953069.
- Yang CL, Leung CW, Lee JT, Park SK, Jansen EC, Seo YA. Manganese and Sleep Outcomes in United States Adults: Results from the 2017-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). J Nutr. 2024 Jan;154(1):213-223. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.012. Epub 2023 Nov 19. PMID: 37984743; PMCID: PMC10925890.
- Noah L, Dye L, Bois De Fer B, Mazur A, Pickering G, Pouteau E. Effect of magnesium and vitamin B6 supplementation on mental health and quality of life in stressed healthy adults: Post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Stress Health. 2021 Dec;37(5):1000-1009. doi: 10.1002/smi.3051. Epub 2021 May 6. PMID: 33864354; PMCID: PMC9292249.
- Christl, Iso. “Magnesium Binding by Terrestrial Humic Acids.” Environmental Chemistry, vol. 15, no. 6, 2018, p. 317, https://doi.org/10.1071/en18084. Accessed 21 Nov. 2019.
- Noah L, Pickering G, Mazur A, Dubray C, Hitier S, Dualé C, Pouteau E. Impact of magnesium supplementation, in combination with vitamin B6, on stress and magnesium status: secondary data from a randomized controlled trial. Magnes Res. 2020 Aug 1;33(3):45-57. doi: 10.1684/mrh.2020.0468. PMID: 33210604.
- Li W, Zheng T, Wang J, Altura BT, Altura BM. Extracellular magnesium regulates effects of vitamin B6, B12 and folate on homocysteinemia-induced depletion of intracellular free magnesium ions in canine cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells: possible relationship to [Ca2+]i, atherogenesis and stroke. Neurosci Lett. 1999 Oct 22;274(2):83-6. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00683-7. PMID: 10553943.
- Spasov AA, Iezhitsa IN, Kharitonova MV, Gurova NA. Arrhythmogenic threshold of the myocardium under conditions of magnesium deficiency. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2008 Jul;146(1):63-5. doi: 10.1007/s10517-008-0208-1. PMID: 19145352.
- Chien SJ, Chen TC, Kuo HC, Chen CN, Chang SF. Fulvic acid attenuates homocysteine-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human monocytes. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015 Mar 13;15:61. doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0583-x. PMID: 25888188; PMCID: PMC4369892.
- Liu B, Guo C, Ke C, Chen K, Dang Z. Colloidal stability and aggregation behavior of CdS colloids in aquatic systems: Effects of macromolecules, cations, and pH. Sci Total Environ. 2023 Apr 15;869:161814. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161814. Epub 2023 Jan 25. PMID: 36708836.
- King DE, Mainous AG 3rd, Geesey ME, Woolson RF. Dietary magnesium and C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Jun;24(3):166-71. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719461. PMID: 15930481.
- Pickering G, Mazur A, Trousselard M, Bienkowski P, Yaltsewa N, Amessou M, Noah L, Pouteau E. Magnesium Status and Stress: The Vicious Circle Concept Revisited. Nutrients. 2020 Nov 28;12(12):3672. doi: 10.3390/nu12123672. PMID: 33260549; PMCID: PMC7761127.
- Abbott LG, Rude RK. Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1993;19(4-5):314-22. PMID: 8264519.
- Razzaque MS. Magnesium: Are We Consuming Enough? Nutrients. 2018 Dec 2;10(12):1863. doi: 10.3390/nu10121863. PMID: 30513803; PMCID: PMC6316205.
- Guillaume T, Krzesinski JM. Comment je traite ... les troubles de la magnésémie [Management of serum magnesium abnormalities]. Rev Med Liege. 2003 Jul-Aug;58(7-8):465-7. French. PMID: 14579608.
- Costello RB, Elin RJ, Rosanoff A, Wallace TC, Guerrero-Romero F, Hruby A, Lutsey PL, Nielsen FH, Rodriguez-Moran M, Song Y, Van Horn LV. Perspective: The Case for an Evidence-Based Reference Interval for Serum Magnesium: The Time Has Come. Adv Nutr. 2016 Nov 15;7(6):977-993. doi: 10.3945/an.116.012765. PMID: 28140318; PMCID: PMC5105038.
- Carvil, Phil, and John Cronin. “Magnesium and Implications on Muscle Function.” Strength and Conditioning Journal, vol. 32, no. 1, Feb. 2010, pp. 48–54, https://doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0b013e3181c16cdc.
- Rondanelli M, Faliva MA, Tartara A, Gasparri C, Perna S, Infantino V, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Peroni G. An update on magnesium and bone health. Biometals. 2021 Aug;34(4):715-736. doi: 10.1007/s10534-021-00305-0. Epub 2021 May 6. PMID: 33959846; PMCID: PMC8313472.
- Rosique-Esteban N, Guasch-Ferré M, Hernández-Alonso P, Salas-Salvadó J. Dietary Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review with Emphasis in Epidemiological Studies. Nutrients. 2018 Feb 1;10(2):168. doi: 10.3390/nu10020168. PMID: 29389872; PMCID: PMC5852744.
- ELDerawi WA, Naser IA, Taleb MH, Abutair AS. The Effects of Oral Magnesium Supplementation on Glycemic Response among Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Nutrients. 2018 Dec 26;11(1):44. doi: 10.3390/nu11010044. PMID: 30587761; PMCID: PMC6356710.
- Abbasi B, Kimiagar M, Sadeghniiat K, Shirazi MM, Hedayati M, Rashidkhani B. The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Res Med Sci. 2012 Dec;17(12):1161-9. PMID: 23853635; PMCID: PMC3703169.
- Allen MJ, Sabir S, Sharma S. GABA Receptor. [Updated 2023 Feb 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-.
- Boyle NB, Lawton C, Dye L. The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress-A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2017 Apr 26;9(5):429. doi: 10.3390/nu9050429. PMID: 28445426; PMCID: PMC5452159.
- Cuciureanu MD, Vink R. Magnesium and stress. In: Vink R, Nechifor M, editors. Magnesium in the Central Nervous System [Internet]. Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press; 2011. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507250/
- Schutten JC, Joris PJ, Minović I, Post A, van Beek AP, de Borst MH, Mensink RP, Bakker SJL. Long-term magnesium supplementation improves glucocorticoid metabolism: A post-hoc analysis of an intervention trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Feb;94(2):150-157. doi: 10.1111/cen.14350. Epub 2020 Oct 26. PMID: 33030273; PMCID: PMC7821302.
- Pochwat B, Szewczyk B, Sowa-Kucma M, Siwek A, Doboszewska U, Piekoszewski W, Gruca P, Papp M, Nowak G. Antidepressant-like activity of magnesium in the chronic mild stress model in rats: alterations in the NMDA receptor subunits. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Mar;17(3):393-405. doi: 10.1017/S1461145713001089. Epub 2013 Sep 26. PMID: 24067405.
- Vink R. Magnesium in the CNS: recent advances and developments. Magnes Res. 2016 Mar 1;29(3):95-101. doi: 10.1684/mrh.2016.0408. PMID: 27829572.
- Zheltova AA, Kharitonova MV, Iezhitsa IN, Spasov AA. Magnesium deficiency and oxidative stress: an update. Biomedicine (Taipei). 2016 Dec;6(4):20. doi: 10.7603/s40681-016-0020-6. Epub 2016 Nov 17. PMID: 27854048; PMCID: PMC5112180.
- DiNicolantonio, James J, et al. “Magnesium for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease.” Open Heart, vol. 5, no. 2, July 2018, p. e000775, openheart.bmj.com/content/5/2/e000775, https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2018-000775.
- Tangvoraphonkchai K, Davenport A. Magnesium and Cardiovascular Disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018 May;25(3):251-260. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2018.02.010. PMID: 29793664.
- Craig M, Yarrarapu SNS, Dimri M. Biochemistry, Cholesterol. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513326/
- Seelig MS. Interrelationship of magnesium and estrogen in cardiovascular and bone disorders, eclampsia, migraine and premenstrual syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993 Aug;12(4):442-58. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1993.10718335. PMID: 8409107.
- Bataa M, Abdelmessih E, Hanna F. Exploring Progesterone Deficiency in First-Trimester Miscarriage and the Impact of Hormone Therapy on Foetal Development: A Scoping Review. Children (Basel). 2024 Apr 2;11(4):422. doi: 10.3390/children11040422. PMID: 38671639; PMCID: PMC11049201.
- Maggio M, De Vita F, Lauretani F, Nouvenne A, Meschi T, Ticinesi A, Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Dall'aglio E, Ceda GP. The Interplay between Magnesium and Testosterone in Modulating Physical Function in Men. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:525249. doi: 10.1155/2014/525249. Epub 2014 Mar 3. PMID: 24723948; PMCID: PMC3958794.
- Ford KA, LaBarbera AR. Cationic modulation of follicle-stimulating hormone binding to granulosa cell receptor. Biol Reprod. 1987 Apr;36(3):643-50. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod36.3.643. PMID: 3109506.
- Rosenstein DL, Elin RJ, Hosseini JM, Grover G, Rubinow DR. Magnesium measures across the menstrual cycle in premenstrual syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. 1994 Apr 15;35(8):557-61. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)90103-1. PMID: 8038300.
- Quaranta S, Buscaglia MA, Meroni MG, Colombo E, Cella S. Pilot study of the efficacy and safety of a modified-release magnesium 250 mg tablet (Sincromag) for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Clin Drug Investig. 2007;27(1):51-8. doi: 10.2165/00044011-200727010-00004. PMID: 17177579.
- Fathizadeh N, Ebrahimi E, Valiani M, Tavakoli N, Yar MH. Evaluating the effect of magnesium and magnesium plus vitamin B6 supplement on the severity of premenstrual syndrome. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2010 Dec;15(Suppl 1):401-5. PMID: 22069417; PMCID: PMC3208934.
- Kapoor E, Collazo-Clavell ML, Faubion SS. Weight Gain in Women at Midlife: A Concise Review of the Pathophysiology and Strategies for Management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Oct;92(10):1552-1558. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.08.004. PMID: 28982486.
- Kolanu BR, Vadakedath S, Boddula V, Kandi V. Activities of Serum Magnesium and Thyroid Hormones in Pre-, Peri-, and Post-menopausal Women. Cureus. 2020 Jan 3;12(1):e6554. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6554. PMID: 32042527; PMCID: PMC6996468.
- Tarleton EK, Littenberg B, MacLean CD, Kennedy AG, Daley C. Role of magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS One. 2017 Jun 27;12(6):e0180067. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180067. PMID: 28654669; PMCID: PMC5487054.
- Baker FC, de Zambotti M, Colrain IM, Bei B. Sleep problems during the menopausal transition: prevalence, impact, and management challenges. Nat Sci Sleep. 2018 Feb 9;10:73-95. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S125807. PMID: 29445307; PMCID: PMC5810528.
- “Chelated Magnesium Uses, Side Effects & Warnings.” Drugs.com, www.drugs.com/mtm/chelated-magnesium.html.
- “Magnesium Supplementation Reduces Hot Flashes in Women with Breast Cancer.” Naturalmedicinejournal.com, 23 Mar. 2014, www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/magnesium-supplementation-reduces-hot-flashes-women-breast-cancer. Accessed 18 Oct. 2024.
- Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier JA. Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions. Nutrients. 2013 Jul 31;5(8):3022-33. doi: 10.3390/nu5083022. PMID: 23912329; PMCID: PMC3775240.
- Bonny O, Rubin A, Huang CL, Frawley WH, Pak CY, Moe OW. Mechanism of urinary calcium regulation by urinary magnesium and pH. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Aug;19(8):1530-7. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2007091038. Epub 2008 Apr 30. PMID: 18448585; PMCID: PMC2488265.
- National Institutes of Health. “Office of Dietary Supplements - Magnesium.” National Institutes of Health, 2 June 2022, ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/.
- Alexander RT, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Molecular determinants of magnesium homeostasis: insights from human disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008 Aug;19(8):1451-8. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008010098. Epub 2008 Jun 18. PMID: 18562569; PMCID: PMC4959876.
- Viqar S, Akhtar T, Ikram N, Zia N. The complex role of post-operative magnesium on the long term serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in patients undergoing total and near-total thyroidectomy. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022 Dec;72(12):2432-2437. doi: 10.47391/JPMA.4681. PMID: 37246663.
- Nielsen FH, Lukaski HC. Update on the relationship between magnesium and exercise. Magnes Res. 2006 Sep;19(3):180-9. PMID: 17172008.
- Shechter M, Bairey Merz CN, Stuehlinger HG, Slany J, Pachinger O, Rabinowitz B. Effects of oral magnesium therapy on exercise tolerance, exercise-induced chest pain, and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2003 Mar 1;91(5):517-21. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(02)03297-6. PMID: 12615252.
- Pokan R, Hofmann P, von Duvillard SP, Smekal G, Wonisch M, Lettner K, Schmid P, Shechter M, Silver B, Bachl N. Oral magnesium therapy, exercise heart rate, exercise tolerance, and myocardial function in coronary artery disease patients. Br J Sports Med. 2006 Sep;40(9):773-8. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.027250. Epub 2006 Jul 6. Erratum in: Br J Sports Med. 2006 Oct;40(10):882. PMID: 16825271; PMCID: PMC2564392.
- Chen HY, Cheng FC, Pan HC, Hsu JC, Wang MF. Magnesium enhances exercise performance via increasing glucose availability in the blood, muscle, and brain during exercise. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 20;9(1):e85486. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085486. PMID: 24465574; PMCID: PMC3896381.
- Cinar V, Polat Y, Baltaci AK, Mogulkoc R. Effects of magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Apr;140(1):18-23. doi: 10.1007/s12011-010-8676-3. Epub 2010 Mar 30. PMID: 20352370.
- Maggio M, Ceda GP, Lauretani F, Cattabiani C, Avantaggiato E, Morganti S, Ablondi F, Bandinelli S, Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Paolisso G, Semba RD, Ferrucci L. Magnesium and anabolic hormones in older men. Int J Androl. 2011 Dec;34(6 Pt 2):e594-600. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01193.x. Epub 2011 Jun 15. PMID: 21675994; PMCID: PMC4623306.
- Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients. 2015 Sep 23;7(9):8199-226. doi: 10.3390/nu7095388. PMID: 26404370; PMCID: PMC4586582.
- Ismail AAA, Ismail Y, Ismail AA. Chronic magnesium deficiency and human disease; time for reappraisal? QJM. 2018 Nov 1;111(11):759-763. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx186. PMID: 29036357.
- “Office of Dietary Supplements - Magnesium.” Ods.od.nih.gov, ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/#h19.
